R&D Systems™ Quantikine Immunoassay Control Set 232, Human TNF-alpha HS

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), also known as cachectin and TNFSF2, is prototypic ligand of TNF superfamily. It is pleiotropic molecule that plays central role in inflammation, apoptosis, immune system development. TNF-α is produced by wide variety of immune, epithelial cell types. Human TNF-α consists of 35 amino acid (aa) cytoplasmic domain, 21 aa transmembrane segment, 177 aa extracellular domain (ECD). Within ECD, human TNF-α shares 97% aa sequence identity with rhesus and 71% - 92% with bovine, canine, cotton rat, equine, feline, mouse, porcine, and rat TNF-α. The 26 kDa type 2 transmembrane protein is assembled intracellularly to form noncovalently linked homotrimer. Ligation of this complex induces reverse signaling that promotes lymphocyte costimulation but diminishes monocyte responsiveness. Cleavage of membrane bound TNF-α by TACE/ADAM17 releases 55 kDa soluble trimeric form of TNF-α. TNF-α trimers bind ubiquitous TNF RI and hematopoietic cell-restricted TNF RII, both of which are also expressed as homotrimers. TNF-α regulates lymphoid tissue development through control of apoptosis. It also promotes inflammatory responses by inducing activation of vascular endothelial cells and macrophages. TNF-α is key cytokine in development of several inflammatory disorders. It contributes to development of type 2 diabetes through its effects on insulin resistance and fatty acid metabolism.

• Storage: Store unopened product at 2 to 8°C. Do not use past expiration date.